What brands of birth control have you tried that have given you the least amount of negative side effects?… by alissady
I have always had a lot of problems with my periods. I have extremely painful cramps and lower abdominal pain (to the point where I often miss a couple of days of work). It is possible that I have endometriosis, but it hasn't been formally diagnosed. The doctors' solution is usually to take birth control. I have tried several kinds but I always give up because I can't handle the side effects. The most common side effects I get are: mood swings, weight gain, and acne (breakouts). I'm looking for suggestions on birth control pills to try from women with similar problems. I've tried Necon, LoEstrin, Orthro-Tri-Cyclin, Ortho Evra (the patch), the ring, and some others which I'm forgetting. Any advice would be much appreciated.
Best Answer:
-Junel Fe
-Zovia
They are both low dosage bcp's. The Junel Fe worked great for me and I have endometriosis.
I don't know if your interested but you might try some other ways of helping your pain like:
-heat packs
-IB profen
-a perscription for Tramadol
-healthy diet: with lots of vegetables and fruit.
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What is the difference between singular value decomposition, and principal component analysis?… by professional stude
I'm already aware of the wikipedia pages.
Best Answer:
Singular value decomposition and principal component analysis
Michael E. Wall, Andreas Rechtsteiner, Luis M. Rocha
Modeling, Algorithms, and Informatics Group (CCS-3)
Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS B256
Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
Citation: Wall, Michael E., Andreas Rechtsteiner, Luis M. Rocha.”Singular value decomposition and principal component analysis”. in A Practical Approach to Microarray Data Analysis. D.P. Berrar, W. Dubitzky, M. Granzow, eds. pp. 91-109, Kluwer: Norwell, MA (2003). LANL LA-UR-02-4001.
Also available in the arXiv.org e-Print archive and in Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format.
Abstract.
This chapter describes gene expression analysis by Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), emphasizing initial characterization of the data. We describe SVD methods for visualization of gene expression data, representation of the data using a smaller number of variables, and detection of patterns in noisy gene expression data. In addition, we describe the precise relation between SVD analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) when PCA is calculated using the covariance matrix, enabling our descriptions to apply equally well to either method. Our aim is to provide definitions, interpretations, examples, and references that will serve as resources for understanding and extending the application of SVD and PCA to gene expression analysis.
Keywords: bioinformatics, computational biology, linear algebra, data mining, singular value decomposition, principal component analysis, gene expression analysis, SVD, PCA, microarray analysis techniques.
1. Introduction
One of the challenges of bioinformatics is to develop effective ways to analyze global gene expression data. A rigorous approach to gene expression analysis must involve an up-front characterization of the structure of the data. In addition to a broader utility in analysis methods, singular value decomposition (SVD) and principal component analysis (PCA) can be valuable tools in obtaining such a characterization. SVD and PCA are common techniques for analysis of multivariate data, and gene expression data are well suited to analysis using SVD/PCA. A single microarray For simplicity, we use the term microarray to refer to all varieties of global gene expression technologies.
Close experiment can generate measurements for thousands, or even tens of thousands of genes. Present experiments typically consist of less than ten assays, but can consist of hundreds (Hughes et al., 2000). Gene expression data are currently rather noisy, and SVD can detect and extract small signals from noisy data.
The goal of this chapter is to provide precise explanations of the use of SVD and PCA for gene expression analysis, illustrating methods using simple examples. We describe SVD methods for visualization of gene expression data, representation of the data using a smaller number of variables, and detection of patterns in noisy gene expression data. In addition, we describe the mathematical relation between SVD analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) when PCA is calculated using the covariance matrix, enabling our descriptions to apply equally well to either method. Our aims are 1) to provide descriptions and examples of the application of SVD methods and interpretation of their results; 2) to establish a foundation for understanding previous applications of SVD to gene expression analysis; and 3) to provide interpretations and references to related work that may inspire new advances.
In section 1, the SVD is defined, with associations to other methods described. A summary of previous applications is presented in order to suggest directions for SVD analysis of gene expression data. In section 2 we discuss applications of SVD to gene expression analysis, including specific methods for SVD-based visualization of gene expression data, and use of SVD in detection of weak expression patterns. Some examples are given of previous applications of SVD to analysis of gene expression data. Our discussion in section 3 gives some general advice on the use of SVD analysis on gene expression data, and includes references to specific published SVD-based methods for gene expression analysis. Finally, in section 4, we provide information on some available resources and further reading.
1.1 Mathematical definition of the SVD Complete understanding of the material in this chapter requires a basic understanding of linear algebra. We find mathematical definitions to be the only antidote to the many confusions that can arise in discussion of SVD and PCA.
Close
Let X denote an m x n matrix of real-valued data and rank The rank of a matrix is the number of linearly independent rows or columns.
Close r, where without loss of generality m=n, and therefore r = n. In the case of microarray data, xij is the expression level of the ith gene in the jth assay. The elements of the ith row of X form the n-dimensional vector gi, which we refer to as the transcriptional response of the ith gene. Alternatively, the elements of the jth column of X form the m-dimensional vector aj, which we refer to as the expression profile of the jth assay.
The equation for singular value decomposition of X is the following:
(5.1)
where U is an m x n matrix, S is an n x n diagonal matrix, and VT is also an n x n matrix. The columns of U are called the left singular vectors, {uk}, and form an orthonormal basis for the assay expression profiles, so that ui
Can high blood pressure medication cause nervous system side effects?… by armyoflove
I am taking a high blood pressure medication, and it seems/appears that since I have been taking the medication I have had headaches all over, dizziness/light headedness, numbness in parts my face, as well as a stiff neck. These symptoms arent consisently there, maybe 1-2 times a day for an hour or so. Can a high blood pressure medication cause such or is this some unrelated condition that I should seek out?
Best Answer:
Possible Side Effects of Drugs That Lower Blood Pressure
Some of the drugs listed below can affect certain functions of the body, resulting in bad side effects. However, drugs that lower blood pressure have proven effective over the years. The benefits of using them far outweigh the risk of side effects. Most people who
What CAUSES glaucoma?… by suz
I have high pressure readings, does this automatically mean i have glaucoma?
Best Answer:
Glaucoma is not one disorder but a range of conditions in which the pressure inside the eye becomes too high. This results in damage to the optic nerve at the back of the eye which can lead to loss of vision if left untreated. Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide.
How does glaucoma develop?
There is a constant flow of fluid through the eye. The flow into and out of the eye is carefully monitored in order to ensure that the eye maintains its round shape and does not become too hard or too soft.
This fluid is called the aqueous humour. It is secreted into the eye from an area behind the iris (the coloured part of the eye) and flows around through the pupil and drains out of the eye through several microscopic channels.
Glaucoma usually develops when this flow of fluid becomes obstructed and there is a build-up of pressure within the eye.
There are two main sub-groups of glaucoma:
primary open angle glaucoma (formerly known as chronic simple glaucoma) is a slowly progressive condition which occurs when the tiny microscopic drainage channels gradually become blocked.
primary angle closure glaucoma (also known as closed angle or acute glaucoma) occurs much more rapidly when the flow of fluid inside the eye cannot pass through the pupil, causing a rapid rise in pressure inside the eye.
There are other types of glaucoma which are much rarer and can be caused by a variety of reasons:
inflammation inside the eye (uveitis or iritis).
the growth of new vessels inside the eye, which may occur in connection with diabetes or after blood vessel blockage at the back of the eye.
treatment with certain medicines (eg corticosteroids).
following an eye injury.
other rare abnormalities affecting the structure of the eye.
Congenital glaucoma
It is very rare for children to be born with glaucoma but it is a recognised condition. There is a tendency for this to run in families, although it may occur in children with no family history of glaucoma at all.
What are the symptoms of glaucoma?
Primary open angle glaucoma
The build up in pressure in this condition is very slow. Therefore visual loss is gradual and patients often do not notice any problem until there is evidence of severe visual impairment.
The peripheral (or side) vision is affected first and therefore the eyesight is not obviously affected. These peripheral areas of visual field loss increase until eventually the central vision is damaged leading to blindness.
Because primary open angle glaucoma is not usually recognised until it is advanced, people are screened for the condition as part of the optician's routine examination when eye tests are carried out.
The optician will check the pressure, examine the nerve at the back of the eye and test the field of vision if this is indicated. As primary open angle glaucoma is rare in people under the age of 40, these screening tests are usually only carried out after this age.
How is primary open angle glaucoma treated?
There are a number of different types of eye drops which are available to treat primary open angle glaucoma:
beta-blockers
prostaglandin analogues
adrenaline type drops (sympathomimetics)
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
miotics (parasympathomimetics).
Beta-blockers
These drops are usually used twice a day. They reduce the amount of fluid being secreted into the eye. These drops may need to be avoided in people with asthma or heart disease as they can be absorbed into the circulation, thereby causing problems in these areas. Timolol (Timoptol) is an example of a beta-blocker.
Prostaglandin analogues
This drop is used once a day in the evening. It works by increasing the drainage of fluid out of the eye. The best recognised side effect of this drop is that it can change the colour of the eye. Latanoprost (Xalatan) is an example of a prostaglandin analogue.
Adrenaline-type drops (sympathomimetics)
These are used twice a day and are generally well tolerated. They reduce the amount of fluid secreted into the eye. Patients with heart disease may be unsuitable for this treatment. Dipivefrine (Propine) or Brimonidine (Alphagan) are examples of adrenaline-type drops (sympathomimetics).
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
These drops are used twice a day if used with beta-blockers, or three times a day if used alone. They reduce the secretion of fluid into the eye. Dorzolamide (Trusopt) is an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
Miotics (parasympathomimetics)
These drops are usually used four times a day. They increase the drainage of fluid out of the eye. These drops cause a small pupil which may mean that they cause a reduction in vision.
They may give rise to headache. These drops were the original drops to be used for glaucoma but are now less commonly used because of the other newer drops as outlined above. Pilocarpine (eg Pilogel) is an example of a miotic (parasympathomimetic).
Other treatments
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor tablets
In some cases these tablets are prescribed, but this is usually only as a temporary solution as they can have many side effects such as general nausea, tiredness, tingling of the fingers and, occasionally, if used for a long time, a tendency to cause kidney stones. Acetazolamide (Diamox) is an example.
Laser treatment
This treatment is used to increase the flow of fluid from the eye. The effect of this treatment may be temporary and therefore may not be suitable as a long-term solution.
Surgical treatment
Many patients have surgery to treat glaucoma. The operation used (trabeculectomy) allows drainage of fluid from inside the eye to the outside of the eye. This type of surgery usually results in a small 'blister' on the eye which is usually positioned under the upper eyelid. This type of surgery may include the use of anti-metabolite medicines in order to make the success of the operation higher, although this may increase the potential for complications.
Complications of such surgery include transient reduction in vision after the operation, but this usually recovers. Long-term effects of infection must always be considered.
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What is the best way to cure boils and prevent yourself from getting them again?… by robynsbeau
I am so sick of it. I have had about 5 now over the past 3 years and I am a 2 shower per day person so it is not from poor hygiene. I have a healthy diet, I am slim and athletic.
No it is not an ingrown hair.
Best Answer:
Ask your Dr to prescribe some mupirocin ointment (Bactroban) and apply a dab with a q-tip and swirl it around inside your nose AM & PM for 2-3 weeks. The staph germ is harbored in the nose and this will give you a good chance of eliminating your carrier status.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203489.html
http://www.gsk.com.au/gskinternet/publishing.nsf/Content/Bactroban
tip – don't buy the expensive nasal formulation but just use the generic ointment as described as it works just fine.
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What is the best treatment for blisters?… by
I've been a outdoors person my whole life, and I've gotten the occasional blister, and my rule of thumb was if it was in danger of being popped (ex: on the heel of your foot) drain it and wrap it. And if not, stick some mole skin on it and let it be. But after years of passing on my view on blisters, I've received a variety of responces, and most of them are keen on the opinion that you should not pop a blister, no matter what. So what's the best thing to do? I've never had any infections or whatnot, but are blisters more likely to heal faster one way or the other?
Best Answer:
What Is It?
A blister is a bubble of fluid under the skin. The clear, watery liquid inside a blister is called serum. It leaks in from neighboring tissues as a reaction to injured skin. If the blister remains unopened, serum can provide natural protection for the skin beneath it. Small blisters are called vesicles. Those larger than half an inch are called bullae. A blood blister is filled with blood, rather than serum.
There are many causes of blisters, including:
Irritation
How long did it take you to get pregnant after stoping the depo shot?… by prettypink
I took me 5 years to get pregnant after the depo shot.I would go to the doctor and they would say it was something else . My period were always regular before the shot
I only had one shot.
I took 4 1/2 years to get regular
I took 4 1/2 years to get regular
It took 4 1/2 years to get regular
It took 4 1/2 years to get regular
Best Answer:
I was on the depo shot for 3 years and once i stopped taking it…It took me a year to get pregnant…
Other disadvantages and risks of using Depo-Provera include:
For pregnancy to occur, it takes an average of 10 months from the date of the last shot of Depo-Provera, but could take anywhere from 4 months to more than several years.
Many women return to having regular periods approximately 6 months after quitting Depo-Provera; however, Depo-Provera can delay fertility for six months to one year after the shot has been discontinued. Some women become pregnant after a few months, other women take longer to return to a state of ovulation, which makes it difficult to predict how Depo-Provera will affect you. If you have any questions or concerns about the irregularity of your period, it is recommended that you talk to your clinician.
good luck
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if a transexual takes birth control pills what are the dangers and how would it affect erection, hair,voice?… by jimm
I'm a transexual,30 years old ,175 cms,72 klgs cannot pay for hormone therapy , my friend told me that birth control pills have female hormones in them and that if i take them my body hair will get lesser,my voice will get more feminine and my little breasts will become fuller. is that true?? and how much a dose should i take per day? and for how long ??
but on the other hand a pharmacist told me that i can no longer have erections?? is that true , and what about the hair on my scalp ??? and face ??will i become bold if i take birth control pills ??
Best Answer:
BCPs come in different forms. if you cant afford HRTs then you'll need to stick with a pill or patch that has only estrogen or the lowest dose of progestrin/ highest dose of estrogen. if you start HRT, then yes you will start to take on a more female body type but while you still have your testicals, you will be producing testrone, this will become less HRTs are taken daily and forever. you will still be able to have erections, hair reduction on face and truck will go slower, breast tissue will enlarge at a slower pace. You will not lose your scalp hair unless your already going bald. the hormone that signals male pattern baldness is DNA linked. I would hope that even with limited funds, the strength you have to live as a transgender person, you would seek out a doctor who can guide you and keep you healthy and prepair you for the crazy ride that comes with living as a female and making peace with our hormones. Desogen,Apri and Nordette are BCPs that could be helpful, but HRTs are your best bet. Climara,Estraderm and Estrogel are all transdermal and cost less. if all else fails check with the drug companys in your country, most have free medication programs for low income. Please be safe in your journey and good luck.
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What is the difference between Metformin and Metformin HCL?… by texas_lighthouse19
My mother is taking Metformin and the doctor prescribed her with Metformin HCL and we were wondering the difference. We asked but can't remember…I think it is a waterpill added.
Best Answer:
There is no difference between metformin and metformin hydrochloride. This product, trade named Glucophage and Glucophage XL, can be referred to by either name.
The only thing can be the duration of the effect, one acts slower than the other.
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How can you get rid of Spider mites in house Plants? I have tried evetything and nothing has worked?… by curious stude
I have tried washing w/ detergents, rubbing alcohol, garlic, and several insecticieds including one for outdoor use for pine trees. I am at my wits end I have several plants that are effected. I have even repotted using new soil.
Its very frustrating I cant start plants for the garden indoor because the mites kill them.
Best Answer:
However, spider mite control will
almost always take several treatments. This
is because the spray will not kill eggs.
Consequently, eggs will be hatching following
your first treatment. To insure you kill all
activity, treat once a week for 3-6 treatments.
This schedule is necessary in the warmer months
when cycles develop quickly. If it is the
off season and development is slower, treat
2-4 times every two weeks. Don't waste your
time with standard materials like dursban or
diazinon. Like most arachnids, spider mites
are not too vulnerable to these active ingredients.
The best material for spider mite control is
called CYFLUTHRIN. This concentrate uses a synthetic
pyrethrin which has no odor and is very active on
mites. More importantly, it is very gentle
on treated plants. Use it to treat as many
plants that you believe may have activity.
Spider mite activity may be centralized,
but don't limit your coverage area to just
the active plants. The more you cover the
better protection you will get. Cyfluthrin can
be used inside for household plants which have
activity. If possible, take the plant
outside for treating purposes. You can bring
it inside once the spray has dried. Be sure
to inspect all plants in the home to catch
any activity before it is too late. In most
cases, treating plants around the infested
one is a good practice. Cyfluthrin is gentle
enough to use and getting the mite before
it causes damage is important. If the spidermites
have moved off the plants and have been found
in the home, use Cyfluthrin to spray all
baseboards, moldings and any other location
activity has been found. This will insure
they will not be able to establish themselves
in the structure.
If the mites are being found on an edible plant
or tree which will produce fruit or vegetables,
you will need to use something other then the
Cyfluthrin. There are several choices and you
must make your decision based on how each product
works. The safest product to use which only kills
nuisance insects when applied is INSECTICIDAL SOAP.
This material can be applied to any plant and though
it will kill insects when applied, it is important
to understand that it provides no residual. This
means you will have to use it over and over – sometimes
once every couple of days – to break the cycle of
most any spider mite infestation. The benefit of
Insecticidal Soap is the fact that it is so safe
to use presenting no hazard to anyone that might
be eating the produce or plant. If you want something
a little stronger, you should apply PERMETHRIN CONCENTRATE.
This product will last 7-14 days providing a mild
residual so that there is something left behind to
kill off rogue mites which are missed with the
first spraying. It is both odorless and very effective
on just about any pest and is probably the single
most used insecticide on vegetable and fruit plants
in the world.
Once you decide which product to use, do your
applications with one of our PUMP SPRAYERS. We have
several which will work well for this job. They
range in size and price so match one up with the
type of treating you will be doing. Furthermore,
is you are deciding to get either Cyfluthin or
Permethrin Concentrate, be sure to get some
SPREADER STICKER to add to the tank mix. This material
enables the active ingredient to better “cover” and
“spread” over the targeted plant so you are less likely
to miss key areas where some mites may be nesting.
There is no need to use Spreader Sticker with
Insecticidal Soap; in fact Insecticidal Soap has
many of the same qualities as Spreader Sticker
so it will do a good job of covering targeted
plants regardless.
One last option you might consider is the use
of PERMETHRIN DUST. Like the sprayable Permethrin,
this product will provide residual that can last
2 weeks or more. The other advantage of using a
dust is that you can clearly see where you have
treated. Since the dust will leave a white powdery
film over areas where it lands, one can clearly
see just where it has been applied. Use a HAND DUSTER
for small jobs or a DUSTIN MIZER if you have a
lot of dusting to be doing and expect to be
treating over the course of the growing season.
The Dustin Mizer is very efficient and will allow
you get complete coverage with little effort.
Dusting is a much faster way to treat targeted
plants then spraying and is rapidly becoming a
favorite amongst farmers and weekend gardeners
alike.
Spider mites are persistent pests which
can kill most any plant. They reproduce
quickly and will move inside if given the
chance. Treat once a week for several weeks
to insure you have got the entire population.
Use Cyfluthrin in a hose end or a pump sprayer
to get the best results. Once under control,
try to inspect every month or two and be
sure to treat again if they reappear.
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